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Easy to understand

The Death of Socrates in the PhaedoThe things that bring about confusion in the human mind are problems. Problems are the unexplained differences in our observations. To illustrate, some people are fearful in relation to death. Mention the word "death" and the heart begins pounding, the mouth dries up, and one's skin becomes blanched. But Socrates was not fearful in relation to death. "He died so fearlessly," writes Plato. The heart of Socrates was calm and not pounding when he approached death. As a result, a person becomes confused when observing the difference between people with fear and a brave Socrates in relation to death.
Confusion is a good feature to have, because confusion leads to wonder, and wonder is the cause of feeling youthful. The youthful, honest observer is a person who naturally wonders about Socrates. Why is it that Socrates was calm at the time of his death?
The third step after confusion and wonder toward peace is Poetry. Poetry increases a person's wonder and brings about a desire for a solution to the problem. Plato introduces a poem about a ship, "in which, according to Athenian tradition, Theseus went to Crete when he took with him the fourteen youths, and was the savior of them and of himself." This poem supports the conclusion that wondering about the fearless Socrates will bring about peace. Just as Theseus saved fourteen youths from death, so to will Socrates save us from the fear of death.
Rhetoric is expressed with a speech that moves a listener from wonder and desire for a solution toward hope. Hope is an attraction for a person who has conquered the fear of death. Socrates triggers our hope with a trick of rhetoric when he says, "I do not grieve as I might have done, for I have good hope that there is yet something remaining for the dead." Socrates then stimulates our confidence in him by stating a major premise. "I think the true philosopher is always pursuing death." And because Socrates is a true philosopher, Socrates has always pursued death. Consequently, Socrates is qualified to conquer the fear of death.
Philosophy is next with its tools of definitions, arguments and challenges to the arguments. Socrates defines death as "the completion...of the separation of soul and body".
Every argument is composed of premises and a conclusion. Socrates employs five different premises to support the same conclusion: that we are going to be aware of organizing something after death. The first premise composing the first argument is the following proposition:
Everything that becomes "released" must be a thing that exists after becoming released.
The second argument is based on the following major premise:
Every thing with parts can be separated. For example, a tire can be separated from its car, because a tire is a part of the car. But, according to Socrates, no soul is a thing with parts. The soul is "not compounded". Therefore, no soul can be separated. And because separation is death, no soul has death, which means that the soul's organization activities will not become terminated, ever.
Argument number three opens with a clear direction from Socrates. "Mark the point at which I am aiming," he says. "Essential opposites exclude one another." For example, the number three is odd and cannot be even. "Will not the number three perish or undergo anything rather than be made an even number, while remaining three?" Again, a number cannot be three and even at the same time. But living is the essential opposite of dying. Therefore, living excludes dying. And because the soul is the source of living, the soul cannot die. Thus, the soul will be aware of organizing something after separating from the body.
The last stage from confusion toward peace is the experience of peace itself. Peace is rest with appreciation. But rest with appreciation is caused by good philosophical arguments. Therefore, peace follows good philosophical arguments. And the reader has several causes of thankfulness from the arguments and counter arguments above. First, we can be certain of our hope in Socrates. He shows us how to conquer our fears with poetry, rhetoric, definitions, arguments and sound conclusions.
Then, raising the cup to his lips, quite readily and cheerfully he drank off the poison. Up to then most of us had been able to control our sorrow; but when we saw him drinking and saw too that he had finished the drink, we could no longer forbear, and in spite of myself my own tears were flowing fast, so that I covered my face and wept, not for him, but at the thought of my own calamity in having to part from such a friend.
Socrates alone retained his calmness. The activity of focusing on the soul was a top priority for Socrates and he seriously addressed the fear of death. Plus, he showed kindness to his challengers Concerning these things we can be certain and forever thankful.


Enthusiastically recommended for students of philosophy

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Aptly Titled

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Dr. Hardy's 1965 classroom notes became the first edition.

Les claypool revealed!!

A Childhood FavoritePrincess is a pampered white Persian show cat, well loved by the family's daughter. When Princess gets lost the day they leave their summer cottage she is left behind, to everyone's distress. When Princess finally finds her way home she discovers that she has been abandoned and a feral cat and her kittens have moved in under the cottage.
Princess goes through a number of trials through the winter, learning that she does have the courage and resourcefulness needed to survive without people, while Minerva (the feral cat) learns someting about trust.
Don't worry, this story DOES have a happy ending.


I loved this inspiring book about freedom and courage.